desaparecidos Documentos



Peruvian Military Accused of Human Rights Violations and Drug Trafficking
Graduates of the Schools of the Americas

Luis Miguel Aparicio Manrique, 1971, Internal Security Operations CC-6
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended the investigation of accusations linking Aparicio Manrique and other military officials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials. (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Químicos del Congreso)

GEN Ismael Araujo, 1962, Military Intelligence Officer
Lurigancho Prison Massacre, 1986: Accused of involvement in this prison massacre in which more than 120 people were killed, the majority of whom had already surrendered. (Americas Watch Report: Una Guerra Desesperada)

COL Eduardo Arbulu Gonzales, 1969, Curso de Orientación para Cadetes
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended the investigation of accusations linking Arbulu Gonzales and other military officials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Químicos del Congreso)

COL Mario Arbulu Seminario, 1965, Cadet Orientation
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended theinvestigation of accusations linking Arbulu Seminario and other military officials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Quimicos del Congreso)

MAJ Teodoro Barrera Diaz, 1972, Internal Security Operations CC-6
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended the investigation of accusations linking Barrera Diaz and other military officials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Químicos del Congreso)

COL Oscar Bernuy Alarcón, 1969, Curso de Orientación para Cadetes
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended the investigation of accusations linking Bernuy Alarcon and other military officials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Químicos del Congreso)

LTC Carlos Delgado Medina, 1965, Cadet Orientation
Accomarca massacre, 1985: Planned the operation that resulted in the massacre of 69 civilians in Accomarcho. (Americas Watch Report: Human Rights in Peru After President Garcia''s First Year, 1986)

GEN Manuel Delgado Rojas, 1966, Parachute Rigger
Supports paramilitary groups, 1990: Gen. Delgado publicly praised the activities of a paramilitary groups that had forcibly occupied a village and assassinated local leaders. (Americas Watch Report: Una Guerra Desesperada)

CPT Rafael Franco de la Cuba, 1980, Orientación de Armas para Cadetes
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended the investigation of accusations linking Franco de la Cuba and other military officials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Químicos del Congreso)

Maj Eliseo Gonzales Chavez, 1974, Basic Combat and Counterinsurgency
Drug-trafficking: Co-defendant in a 1994 case in which he was accused of drug-trafficking, money laundering, and corruption. (Expreso 5/25/94; El Comercial; Caretas 1428, 8/22/96)

CDR Manuel Guzmán, 1976, Commando Operations
"La Cantuta" murders, 1992: Guzmán carried out the kidnaping of 9 university students and a professor, and delivered the prisoners to a Special Operations team commanded by MAJ Martín Rivas (below). (Americas Watch Report: Anatomy of a Cover-up: The Disappearances at La Canuta, 1993)

GEN Nicolás de Bari Hermoza Ríos, 1976, Command and General Staff College
"La Cantuta" murders, 1992: As Commander of the Peruvian Army, Hermoza refused to let the Peruvian Congress question officers involved in the "La Cantuta" disappearance and murder of 9 university students and a professor. He also issued public threats against the commission investigating the case and paraded tanks through the streets of Lima to back up his words. Later, a top governmental security adviser claimed Hermoza was himself involved in the formation of the death squad that carried out the murders. (Americas Watch Report: Anatomy of a Cover-up: The Disappearances at La Canuta, 1993)

CPT Telmo Hurtado, 1982, Cadet Arms Orientation
Accomarca Massacre, 1985: On August 14, 1985, Hurtado participated in an army massacre of 69 campesinos (including six children) in Accomarca, Ayacucho. Only Hurtado, at that time a lieutenant and the most junior officer involved, was convicted, although eyewitness testimony linked five officers to the massacre. Hurtado was sentenced to 6 years in prison for "abuse of authority." But a US State Department report released in February of 1994 says Hurtado is free and has returned to active duty, a testament to the impunity enjoyed by most of the Peruvian military. Americas Watch reports he has since been promoted to captain. (Americas Watch Report: Untold Terror: Violence Against Women in Peru''s Armed Conflict, 1992; Latinamerica Press, 1/24/94)

CPT Luis Landivar Gutierrez, 1980, Orientación de Armas para Cadetes
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended the investigation of accusations linking Landivar Gutierrez and other military officials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Químicos del Congreso)

CPT Hector Lazo, 1973, o-20
Obstruction of Justice, 1984: Cpt. Lazo was charged by the General Secretary of the Public Ministry with obstructing the investigation of mass graves in Huanta (Americas Watch Report: Abdicating Democratic Authority: Human Rights in Peru, 1984)

MAJ Santiago Martin Rivas, 1977, Cadet Orientation Course
"La Cantuta" murders, 1992: Sentenced to 20 years on February 22, 1994, for the 1992 kidnapping and murder of nine university students and a professor. Martín Rivas was in charge of "The Colina." a unit comprised of soldiers with murder or assault raps - in exchange for clearing their records, the soldiers performed clandestine, illegal operations such as disappearances and extrajudicial executions. (Americas Watch Report: Anatomy of a Cover-up: The Disappearances at La Canuta, 1993; Nicaragua Solidarity Network of Greater New York Weekly News Update on the Americas, 2/27/94)

MAJ José Mayor Vasquez, 1975, Cadet Bombat Arms and Combat
Summary execution of nine persons, 1993: In March 1993, a military patrol in La Libertad department forced nine prisoners into an abandoned mine. The mine was later blown up with dynamite. The army later informed that Maj. Mayor Vasquez had been detained for the crime. (Americas Watch Report: The Human Rights Situation in Peru, 1993)

Juan Miranda Rocha, 1970 CC-1
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended the investigation of accusations linking Miranda Rocha and other military officials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Químicos del Congreso)

Vladimiro Lenin Montesinos Torres, 1965, Cadet Course
"La Cantuta" murders, 1992; death squad leader, torturer: It is believed that Montesinos runs the death squad known as the "Colina" squad, which is a part of Peru's National Intelligence Service (SIN), and is probably responsible for the La Cantuta disappearance of 9 university students and a professor on July 18, 1992. Nominally, Montesinos is President Fujimori's advisor to the National Intelligence Service -- in fact, most agree he is the spy organization's chief. One report describes him as Fujimori's "most trusted counselor." (Americas Watch Report: Anatomy of a Cover-up: The Disappearances at La Canuta, 1993) Four officers tortured afterplotting a coup against Fujimori in November 1992 state that Montesinos took an active part in torturing them. (Americas Watch Report: Human Rights in Peru: One Year After Fujimori''s Coup, 1993)

MAJ (Ret) Luis Angel Morales Cespedes, 1976, Officer Cadet Course
Murder: He ordered his subordinates to murder a civilian and hide his body. Subsequently sentenced to 15 years in prison. (Americas Watch Report: Untold Terror: Violence Against Women in Peru''s Armed Conflict, 1992)

GEN Wilfredo Mor, 1972 Internal Security Operations
Accomarca Massacre, 1985: Gen. Mori approved the operation that resulted in the massacre of 69 civilians in Accomarca. He was forced into early retirement as a result of this incident. (Americas Watch Report: Human Rights in Peru After President Garcia''s First Year, 1986)

MAJ Alejandro Muññante Salazar, 1976, Básico de Orientación para Oficiales
Drug-trafficking: Co-defendant in a 1994 case in which he was accused of drug-trafficking, money laundering, and corruption. (Expreso 5/25/94; El Comercial; Caretas 1428, 8/22/96)

TCL Miguel Najar Acosta, 1974, Basic Combat and Counterinsurgency
Linked to drug trafficking: Sentenced to 12 years for permitting the illegal release of drug terrorist Walter Shupinahue as well as allowing the transportation of drugs on the Marginal Highway (Gestión, 2/27/96)

CPT Jorge Olivera Silva, 1980, Orientación de Armas para Cadetes
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended the investigation of accusations linking Olivera Silva and other military officials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Quimicos del Congreso)

1LT Guillermo Paz Bustamante, 1982, Cadet Arms Orientation
Accomarca Massacre, 1985: On August 14, 1985, Paz Bustamente participated in an army massacre of 69 campesinos (including six children) in Accomarca, Ayacucho. Paz Bustamante was charged only with failing to report the deaths of two peasants during the massacre. The military chose not to convict him, however, on the grounds that he "lacked time. was tired and was experiencing a very tense situation." (Americas Watch Report: Untold Terror: Violence Against Women in Peru''s Armed Conflict, 1992)

Víctor Penas Sandoval, 1980, Orientación de Armas para Cadetes
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended the investigation of accusations linking Penas Sandoval and other military officials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Químicos del Congreso)

MAJ Carlos Pichilingue Guevara, 1980, Cadet Orientation Course "La Cantuta" murders, 1992 (convicted): Sentenced to 20 years on February 22, 1994, for the 1992 kidnaping and murder of nine university students and a professor. Pichilingue, with Martín Rivas (above) was one of the leaders of the operation. (Americas Watch Report: Anatomy of a Cover-up: The Disappearances at La Canuta, 1993)

GEN Jorge Rabanal , 1964, Jungle Operations
Lurigancho Prison Massacre, 1986: Gen. Rabanal commanded an operation in which 120 prison inmates were executed. He was found guilty in a civilian court, though a military court later reversed the decision. (Americas Watch Report: Desperate Straights: Human Rights in Peru After a Decade of Democracy and Insurgency, 1990)

GEN Juan Rivero Lazo , 1963, Cadet Orientation Course
"La Cantuta" murders, 1992 (convicted): Former head of Peru's Army Directorate of Intelligence (DINTE), sentenced to five years in prison on February 22, 1994 for the 1992 kidnapping and murder of nine university students and a professor from the Enrique Guzmáán y Valle University in Lima (La Cantuta). (Nicaragua Solidarity Network of Greater New York Weekly News Update on the Americas, 2/27/94) He was the highest ranking of the five SOA graduates to be sentenced for the murders.

MAJ Ciro Sime Carranza, 1980, Orientación de Armas para Cadetes
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended the investigation of accusations linking Sime Carranza and other military officials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Quimicos del Congreso)

Victor Taboada Hoyos, 1976, Básico de Orientación para Oficiales
Accused of drug trafficking: A Congressional Working Group on Chemical Substances, led by Congressman Julio Castro, recommended the investigation of accusations linking Taboada Hoyos and other militaryofficials to drug trafficking. The accusations were made by members of the press and by other military officials (Informe del Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Insumos Químicos del Congreso)

GEN José Valdivia Dueñas, 1962, Communications Officer
Cayara Massacre, 1988: On May 14, 1988, army soldiers under Valdivia Duenas' command killed (with gunshot, bayonets, and farming tools) between 28 and 31 male residents of the hamlet Cayara. Returning four days later, the soldiers arrested many villagers, dozens of whom disappeared (only 3 bodies were recovered). Duenas was subsequently promoted. (Americas Watch Report: Peru Under Fires: Human Rights Since the Return to Democracy, 1992)

GEN Juan Velasco Alvarado, 1945, GS Functions
Dictator, 1968-75: Achieved power by overthrowing elected civilian government. (The Washington Post, 5/19/94)

CPT Oswaldo Zapata Corrales, 1983, Opera/Combate para Cadetes C-5
Drug-trafficking: Co-defendant in a 1994 case in which he was accused of drug-trafficking, money laundering, and corruption. (Expreso 5/25/94; El Comercial; Caretas 1428, 8/22/96)

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